酵母菌在环境污染治理中的应用与进展

酵母菌是一种珍贵的微生物资源,由于它具有良好的耐酸、耐渗透压、产生单细胞蛋白等特点,广泛地应用于环境污染治理中。文章概括了酵母菌处理各类废水的方法、在废弃物资源化利用发挥的作用以及酵母菌对污染土壤的修复作用,指出随着酵母菌研究的深入和其它相关技术的开发,酵母菌在环境污染治理中得到更广泛、更深入的应用,实现环境、社会和经济等可持续发展。     

广州市“南肺”果园土壤H g和A s的形态分析

采用Tessier连续提取法、BCR连续提取法和Leleyter连续提取法,研究广州"南肺"果园土壤Hg和As的形态分布和生物可给性。结果表明,果园土壤Hg和As形态分布都以残渣态为主;3种方法的土壤生物可给性分析均表明,Hg和As生物可利用态的含量较少;生物不可利用态是主要形态,其次是潜在可利用态。     

红松阔叶混交林林隙极端地面温度的地统计学分析

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为研究对象,采用网格法布点,通过对生长季内林隙各样点极端地面温度的连续观测,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法分析并揭示了林隙极端地面温度的时空分布格局。研究结果表明:林隙极端地面温度不同空间样点之间存在异质性,而且异质性的强度、 尺度和空间结构组成随时间而改变,各月平均极端地面温度斑块形状复杂,最高地面温度大小顺序均为6月>7月>8月>9月,最低地面温度大小顺序为7月>8月>6月>9月,月平均地温的最大值和最小值分布位置不固定,同一月份地面最高温度的大小顺序是空旷地>林隙>郁闭林分,地面最低温度大小顺序是郁闭林分>林隙>空旷地。研究旨在为红松阔叶混交林的可持续经营提供基础数据和理论参考。     

三种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的降解及吸附特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了氟胺磺隆、氯吡嘧磺隆和磺酰磺隆3种磺酰脲类除草剂在5种不同种类土壤(江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土、南京黄棕壤、陕西潮土)中的降解及吸附特性.结果表明,这3种磺酰脲类除草剂在这5种不同土壤中的降解速率均比较快,且降解过程均遵循一级动力学方程,土壤pH值是影响土壤降解速率的主要因素.3种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的吸附均符合Frendlich模型,且具有较低的吸附容量.3种磺酰脲类除草剂在不同土壤中的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ.mol-1,吸附主要以物理吸附为主,吸附常数随土壤pH值的增大而逐渐减小.     

Ammonia volatilization and availability of Cu, Zn induced by applications of urea with and without coating in soils

Ammonia volatilization and the distribution of Cu and Zn were investigated in two types of soil treated with coated and uncoated urea. The rate of ammonia volatilization in two weeks after fertilizing with coated urea was 8% in soil 1 (soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain) and 5.15% in soil 2 (red soil derived from quaternary red clay), about half the rates observed when fertilizing with common urea, implying that the hydrolysis speed of the coated urea was lower than for common urea, and that the coated urea can increase nitrogen use efficacy. As for the availability of Cu and Zn, their concentrations decreased in the first week after fertilization, and then increased, which was contrary to the effect of treatment on soil pH. For example, when the pH was 7.99, there was 0.79 mg/kg exchangeable Cu and 0.85 mg/kg exchangeable Zn in the soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain. However, the concentrations of exchangeable Cu and Zn were generally lower for the common urea treatments than those with the coated urea because the peak pH for the common urea treatment was greater. The concentrations of these elements correlated well with pH in the range 4-8 in second order polynomial fits.     

城市道路机动车尾气污染物扩散模型研究概况

介绍了国外几个主要城市道路机动车尾气污染物扩散模型,以及模型的分类、特点和发展过程。同时,简要介绍了国内学者利用主要扩散模型对于城市道路机动车污染物的研究。     

不同前茬冬小麦土壤呼吸特征及影响因子分析

以不同蔬菜前茬处理的冬小麦田为对象,研究土壤呼吸变化特征、各影响因子对土壤呼吸的响应的通径分析以及计算全生长季农田碳汇强度.结果表明：①温度对土壤呼吸速率的响应随深度增加具有滞后性;土壤呼吸与土壤水分呈显著二次相关.②有效磷、速效钾、土壤脲酶、土壤温度、土壤水分对土壤呼吸变化的贡献较大,为主要影响因子.5种主要因子中土...     

套种条件下混合螯合剂对污染土壤Cd淋滤行为的影响

为了研究螯合剂对污染土壤Cd向下迁移的影响,对采自广东省乐昌市和清远市的2种铅锌矿废水污染水稻土（分别为中性和酸性土壤）进行100 cm土柱室外淋溶试验,研究在玉米与东南景天套种系统中,在5 mmol.kg-1土的混合螯合剂[MC∶柠檬酸∶味精废液∶EDTA∶KCl（摩尔比）=10∶1∶2∶3]的强化作用下对2种污染土壤中Cd的淋滤行为的影响.结果表明,施加混合螯合剂后第2 d,混合螯合剂能明显提高2种土壤各土层淋滤液Cd浓度;施后第8 d混合螯合剂仍能继续提高中性土壤20 cm以下土层和酸性土壤60 cm以下土层淋滤液Cd的浓度,但其活化作用均已迅速下降.施后第2 d和第8 d,2种土壤各土层的套种＋MC处理的淋滤液Cd浓度均超过国家地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848-93）.施加混合螯合剂可降低中性土壤表层全Cd量.不同处理的土壤Cd均有向下层迁移的趋势,尤其是酸性土壤,在20 cm和40 cm处不同处理的全Cd量与起始值比较分别下降了40%～58%和39%～49%,经过100 d的修复即可达到土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618-1995）.上述结果表明,施用混合螯合剂对Cd污染土壤的地下水水质存在一定的潜在污染风险.     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

集约化种植区硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布与累积特征

采用GPS定位、土钻取样的方法,在北京市大兴区14个乡镇的农田土壤中选取了91个土壤剖面,分别在0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm4个不同深度取得土壤样品,并在一次种植期结束后,综合考虑种植类型和土壤质地后选取24个重复取样点.在此基础上,分析了种植类型及土壤质地对硝态氮分布及累积情况的影响.结果表明,研究区土壤中的硝态氮含量有随土壤深度的增加呈降低的趋势.露地菜田和设施菜田最容易出现硝态氮淋洗现象,果园和粮田的总体状况较好,但粮田个别地区有一定的污染风险,细质地土壤具有较强的保水保肥能力.大兴区采育镇及长子营镇地区有较高的硝态氮累积量,为硝态氮淋洗污染危险区,应进行合理施肥,以免在一个种植期结束后造成较深层土壤中硝态氮的累积.研究结果可为大兴区地下水环境保护提供参考.